Enzymes1 essays

Enzymes1 essays An enzyme is a catalyst, which is a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. The reactant that an enzyme acts on is called its substrate. While the enzyme is bound to the substrate, the catalytic action converts the substrate to the product. Because of its shape, each enzyme catalyzes a specific reaction (molecular recognition). Only a certain region of the enzyme molecule actually binds to the substrate. This area is called the active site and is usually a groove on the surface of the enzyme. The shape of the active site and the shape of the substrate fits accordantly. When the substrate enters the active site, it induces the enzyme -in a process called induced fit- to change its shape to fit tightly around the substrate. The induced fit is very important during the catalytic cycle when the substrate enters the active site to form an enzyme-substrate complex. The enzymes emerge from the reaction, however, in their original f orm and are ready to function over and over again. When a reaction rearranges the atoms of molecules, the bonds in the reactants must be broken and the new bonds in the products must be formed. This requires energy. The energy required to break the bonds in the reactant molecules is known as the activation energy. The bonds only break when the molecule has absorbed enough energy (usually in the form of heat) to become unstable. Heat speeds up a reaction, but the high temperature kills cells; therefore, organisms must instead use a catalyst. Enzymes (mostly proteins) are biological catalysts. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the barrier of activation energy, so that the transition state is within reach at regular temperatures. A transition state occurs when reactants are in an unstable condition and are ready for the reaction to take place. An enzyme cannot changes the free energy of the reaction or the spontantinuity of the reaction. It can ...

Captain vs. Master

Captain vs. Master Captain vs. Master Captain vs. Master By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between a ship’s captain and a ship’s master? In contemporary usage, not much, but historically, the titles represented quite distinct roles. Captain is more common in modern usage, but master is more historically accurate. Captain derives ultimately from the Latin term caput, meaning â€Å"head† and related to other words beginning with cap- such as capital; capitaneus, meaning â€Å"chief,† and the French word capitaine, meaning â€Å"leader,† are the intermediate forms. Master, originating in the Latin word magis, meaning â€Å"more,† stems from magister, which also means â€Å"chief† as well as â€Å"director† or teacher.† In the Middle Ages, the man in charge of a ship, often but not always the owner, was called the master; this usage stems from imperial Rome. On the high seas, where delay or dissension could lead to destruction and death, the master had absolute authority, hence the title. However, before the advent of standing navies, civilian ships were often offered or impressed for use in transporting soldiers and their supplies from one place to another. When the captain of a company of soldiers brought the troops aboard for transport, he assumed military command of the ship, determining its destination and, if the ship engaged in hostilities at sea, directing the battle. In matters of sailing and maneuvering, though, the captain deferred to the master, who of course remained on board. (Before captain became a specific military rank, it designated a leader of roughly up to several hundred soldiers assembled for a specific battle or campaign. Much later, it became an official designation for a standing military unit of a circumscribed similar size.) As civilian ships were given long-term military roles, this division of responsibilities remained in effect: A captain had overall authority, but the master was responsibility for sailing operations. When permanent navies were established, roughly coincident with the establishment of standing armies, captain became a precise military rank in both settings. Master was also codified as the label for a specific posting; the master (sometimes called the sailing master) oversaw navigation and provisioning of the ship under direction of the captain, who by this time was a skilled mariner as well as a military leader. Naval captains and those commanding land-based units were and are not equivalent in rank: The largest ships in the Age of Sail eventually carried a thousand or more crew members, and ships often operated independently, requiring the captain to exercise great responsibility (and life-or-death authority), whereas an army captain commanded no more than a couple hundred men and was part of a more restrictive chain of command. Therefore, to this day, a navy captain holds a fairly high status in the naval hierarchy, whereas an army captain (or an officer with the equivalent rank in an air force or in the marines) has a comparatively minor role, though he or she must still demonstrate leadership skills. Even in the Middle Ages, a captain designated one or more lieutenants to assist him with command, to lead the company if he was absent or incapacitated, or to temporarily take responsibility for part of the unit. (The word lieutenant comes from the French phrase lieu tenant, meaning â€Å"deputy,† from words meaning â€Å"place† and â€Å"holder.†) Later, a ship was assigned one or more lieutenants depending on the size of the vessel. Meanwhile, master also briefly became a naval military rank below the rank of lieutenant, rather than a position, but it was phased out as naval vessels were increasingly powered by steam rather than sail. Other words that apply to naval command include commander, from an Old French word meaning â€Å"one who commands.† (The rank was originally styled â€Å"master and commander† to denote the commanding officer of a small vessel who doubled as the master, hence the Patrick O’Brian novel of that title and the related film starring Russell Crowe.) Commodore, the Dutch word derived from this term, came to apply to a captain given temporary command of a group of vessels and later became a specific rank above that of captain. (The similar term commandant is not a rank; it applies to an officer of any rank who commands a training facility or a prison.) Admiral, meanwhile, referring to a high-ranking naval officer in command of an entire navy or a fleet or major unit within one or the other, is from the Arabic word amir, meaning â€Å"military commander† (the source of emir, a modern word for an Arab leader) and, like captain, originally pertained to a land-based leader before it was applied to one who leads naval operations. On many modern civilian ships, the person in charge is officially referred to as the captain, whether or not there is a command hierarchy more or less based on naval tradition, though master is also common. In popular usage, however, captain came to prevail over master, so that, even now, the owner of a small pleasure craft will be referred to as â€Å"Captain† or â€Å"Skipper†; the latter word is derived from the Dutch word scipper, meaning â€Å"operator of a ship.† Skipper is also used formally to refer to the master of a small vessel such as a tugboat. Captain is used in other civilian command hierarchies, as in police and fire departments and the like, as well as to refer to the acknowledged leading athlete on a sports team, but master has not been adopted in such contexts from nautical usage. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?"Latter," not "Ladder"The Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Human Rights in World Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Rights in World Politics - Essay Example The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in legal definition of genocide has been debated. Some historians and sociologists often refer to social and political groups when discussing about genocide. However, the generally accepted notion on genocide is the, it is the purposeful annihilation of a social identity (Genocide). The term genocide should be redefined to include smaller groups rather than national groups with larger population. Discrimination or intended killings of small groups according to their race, ethnic background or even religious beliefs, whether perpetuated by individual or insignificant groups should be included in the context of genocide. As history had shown, killings on catastrophic proportion usually started out in unchecked and insignificant killings on lesser degree that later eventually escalate to a full-pledge genocide. In order for genocide to develop, the following circumstances must be present: classification, symbolization, dehumanization, organization, polarization, preparation, extermination, and denial. Classification happens when cultures distinguish people into 'us' and 'others' basing on merely on race, religion, nationality, or ethnic background with further naming to such classifications, thus symbolization arises.

Social entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social entrepreneurship - Essay Example From the period, the concept of fifteen began taking shape in his mind. His vision is using the magic of food to provide a chance of employment to the young youths who had dropped out of school. However, the realization of his dream took him 10 years to bring to fruition (Slocum et al. 2011, 189). He was more excited with the social enterprise model whereby an enterprise was driven by social ambitions rather than financial gain that brought motivation to him to start his enterprise. The enterprise is referred to as Jamie Oliver’s Fifteen in London also referred to as Naked Chef star restaurant in US has a unique way of going about its business. The enterprise is known for its charity acts as it employs ex-convicts that lack any experience in the restoration enterprise with little or no social skills some with criminal records and turns them to productive members of the society. Jamie believes that by equipping a sense of responsibility and routine to the young people, they will develop the notion of order resulting in a steady rhythm that is ideal for social integration (Warin 2011, 34) (Illustrated in appendix 3 and 4). Jamie Oliver is a son of a pub owner in  England, and  he is a  dropout  of high school, thus never completed school  who parlayed is a strong personality in entrepreneurial skills. His dream is to have a strong, suitable movement of educating children on food. Jamie intention was to create a fine restaurant in London and on the other  side he  utilized the magic of cooking to provide opportunities for the young people who were not privileged and were facing enormous challenges in their lives (Flego et al. 2013, 411). These are the ex-con youths as well as those who lacked education. Thus, his goal was to provide an opportunity to these individuals giving them a chance of unlocking their true talent through training and mentoring. According to Jamie, training those

Good Parent Essay Example for Free

Good Parent Essay Being parents must have many variable quality or responsibility for their children. Parents play a major role in the life of a child that the children can learn what they live with their parent. Good parent is invaluable to our society as lack of good parenting in can have long-term effects on children and on society. Good parents are those who are self-sacrificing, teachable, curious, and diligent. Firstly, one quality of a good parent is one who is self-sacrificing. A good parent does all he or she can to meet the needs of his or her children. Notice this is the child’s needs, not wants. Good parent should content childrens material needs, namely a home, food, clothes, and so forth. This provision should help at least on the level of minimum childrens requirements or better depending on parents financial capabilities, though not infinitely better so that not to surfeit and consequently spoil the child. Secondly, many decisions parents make are guided by the end goal of meeting these needs; decisions such as, the way money is spent and even how much or how little personal time is taken for oneself. Self-sacrificing does not mean that a parent gives up his or her life for their children, but they do end up putting much of their life on hold in order to put the child’s needs first. Good parents should actively promote childs physical and mental development. This include disciple the child, habitual the child to physical exercises and studying, providing the child with as best education as possible, and edifying or advising the child on any problem he or she encounters during life. Thirdly, good parent needs to be teachable. This is not to say that as a parent, you have to heed all, or even most of the advice readily given to you, especially if this advice conflicts with your values and ethics. However, if there is no conflict, a good parent should be able to accept the advice and mull it over for possible use or implementation. Parents make mistakes, it is going to happen. Being willing to listen and learn can help to avoid some of these mistakes, and learning from any mistakes that are made will make you a better parent in the end. Finally, the most important and quite comprehensive quality of good parents is being responsible for their children. This responsibility of activities and roles a parent should perform through the whole life or at least until the child become mature enough to live independently. Most of these activities spending a lot of time with children, which is in many cases problematic as adults usually have a lot of things to do in their lives even with no parenting taken into account. But good parents should always procure opportunities to spend with their children as much time as possible. Also, good parents should protect their children. It may imply protection of childs health, that is they should try to prevent the child from getting ill and take care of the child if he or she however got ill. Parents should also protect their children from any dangers both internal and external. An example of an internal danger may be a possibility of getting hooked on cigarettes, alcohol, or drugs. An external danger may be any ill intention from any other people, like bullies at school. Good parent should always provide both moral and material support for his or her children. In conclusion, good parent should help the child to go through the life to the adulthood in order to make him or her feel comfortable in the family.

joseph conrad :: essays research papers

Joseph Conrad was born in Berdichev, in the Ukraine, in a region that had once been a part of Poland but was then under Russian rule. His father Apollo Korzeniowski was an aristocrat without lands, a poet and translator of English and French literature. The family estates had been sequestrated in 1839 following an anti-Russian rebellion. As a boy the young Joseph read Polish and French versions of English novels with his father. When Apollo Korzeniowski became embroiled in political activities, he was sent to exile with his family to Volgoda, northern Russia, in 1861. After being wounded in a duel or of a self-inflicted gunshot in the chest, Conrad continued a career at the seas for 16 years in the British merchant navy. He had been deeply in debt, but his uncle discharged his debts. This was a turning point in his life. Conrad rose through the ranks from common seaman to first mate, and by 1886 he obtained his master mariner's certificate, commanding his own ship, Otago. In the same year he was given British citizenship and he changed officially his name to Joseph Conrad. Witnessing the forces of the sea, Conrad developed a deterministic view of the world, which he expressed in a letter in 1897: "What makes mankind tragic is not that they are the victims of nature, it is that they are conscious of it. To be part of the animal kingdom under the conditions of this earth is very well - but soon, as you know of your slavery, the pain, the anger, and the strife. The tragedy begins." Conrad sailed to many parts of the world, including Australia, various ports of the Indian Ocean, Borneo, the Malay states, South America, and the South Pacific Island. In 1890 he sailed in Africa up the Congo River. The journey provided much material for his novel Heart of Darkness. However, the fabled East Indies particularly attracted Conrad and it became the setting of many of his stories. By 1894 Conrad's sea life was over. During the long journeys he had started to write and Conrad decided to devote himself entirely to literature. At the age of 36 Conrad settled down in England. In his famous preface to THE NIGGER OF THE 'NARCISSUS' (1897) Conrad crystallized his often quoted goal as a writer: "My task which I am trying to achieve is, by the power of the written word, to make you hear, to make you fell - it is, above all, to make you see.

Monomyth: Hero and Family Versus Loyalty

Monomyth: Fact or Fiction? Does every story truly follow the common stages of monomyth? Joseph Campbell first describes the monomyth in his book â€Å"The Hero With a Thousand Faces† written in 1949. In William Faulkner’s story â€Å"Barn Burning† one can look close enough and see the stages of monomyth. In â€Å"Barn Burning† the loyalty to family versus loyalty to the law is tested. The basic structure of a hero’s journey, in this case Sarty, is shown through the three stages Campbell explains.Campbell’s monomyth starts with a departure, initiation, and return. Sarty is faced with all three. Sarty is given a call to adventure, refusal to call, and a crossing of the first threshold. His call to Adventure was while the family had to go to a new place. He and his family were forced to leave by the Justice, he said to them, â€Å"This case is closed. I can’t find against you, Snopes, but I can give you advice. Leave this country and don ’t come back to it† (504). Sarty’s refusal to call is when he hopes it’s all over.All the running and breaking the law with his father he gets so sick of having to take up for his father. After they left town his father asks, â€Å"You were fixing to tell them. You would have told them. † Sarty answered in a whisper, â€Å"yes† (505). The family was living on DeSpain’s land and that is Sarty’s crossing of the first threshold. The initiation in the story is when the hero is initiated into true heroic stature. Sarty faces the road of trials, atonement with the father, and the ultimate boom. The trial he faces of not knowing if he should keep helping his family.His father tells him to go get oil and as he’s going he’s thinking, â€Å" I could keep on, I could run on and on and never look back, never need to see his face again. Only I can’t. I can’t. † (512). The father figure that the family has t o answer to is DeSpain because they are on is land. The ultimate boom is when Sarty actually tells DeSpain what his father is doing to the barn. Sarty cried, panted. â€Å"Where’s†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Barn! † he cried. â€Å"Barn! † â€Å"What† the white man said. â€Å"Barn? † â€Å"Yes! † the boy cried. â€Å"Barn! † â€Å"Catch him! † the white man shouted (513).He’s so shook up he can’t even speak clear sentences. After initiation the hero can return in triumph to deserved recognition, although this in itself may not be without trials and tribulations. Sarty refuses to return, takes a magic flight, is rescued from without, and given freedom to live. He takes the magic flight and runs away after telling DeSpain about the barn. He made the decision to run and to not look back, his refusal to return. He made a bold choice to turn away from his family. While running he hears a gunshot, and that rescues him from wi thout.The narrator says,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a long, swirling roar incredible and soundless, blotting the stars, and he springing up and into the road again, running again knowing it was too late yet still running even after he heard the shot and, an instant later, two shots, pausing now without knowing he had ceased to run, crying â€Å"Pap! Pap! †Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (514). The relief of not having to answer to his father was enough for Sarty, he had his won life to live with any of the people he chose. With that, he was given the freedom to live. One could say that yes, most stories do follow Campbell’s monomyth.Sarty had a hard choice to make in this story but still came out to be the hero according to monomyth. Monomyth is interesting to those who take the time to learn about it. It does apply to stories and movies in modern day. An example would be The Matrix, Star Wars, Lord of The Rings, and even Hangover. There is a fair share of critics, typically saying that not all stor ies are like this. Some may even say this leads to safe movie and book making, thus leading to boring repeats. The same was said about Shakespeare, and his works are famous.

Corporal punishment in the home Essay

A 2013 study by Elizabeth Gershoff and her team (cited below) reviewed the previous two decades of research and confirmed that children who are spanked have less gray matter in their brains, and are more likely to exhibit depression, anxiety, drug use, and aggression as they get older. The only positive outcome that’s ever been shown from corporal punishment is immediate compliance; however, corporal punishment is associated with less long-term compliance. Corporal punishment has repeatedly been linked with nine other negative outcomes, including increased rates of aggression, delinquency, mental health problems, and problems in relationships with their parents. Large, peer-reviewed studies repeatedly show that the more children are hit, the more likely they are to hit others, including peers and siblings. As adults, they are more likely to hit their spouses. The more parents spank children for antisocial behavior, the more the antisocial behavior increases. All of the peer reviewed studies being published continue to confirm these findings. A major study at Tulane University, published in Pediatrics  controlled for other factors that have been found to contribute to aggressiveness in children, including the mother’s depression, alcohol and drug use, spousal abuse and even whether the mother considered abortion while pregnant with the child. Spanking remained a strong predictor of violent behavior in the child. As five-year-olds, the children who had been spanked were more likely than the non-spanked to be defiant, demand immediate satisfaction of their wants and needs, become frustrated easily, have temper tantrums and lash out physically against other people or animals. (http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2010/04/12/peds.2009-2678.abstract) Quite simply, spanking produces WORSE behavior, not better behavior. It also begets more violence, because hitting children teaches them that it is acceptable to hit others who are smaller and weaker. â€Å"I’m going to hit you  because you hit your sister† is a hypocrisy not lost on children. As every parent knows, kids do what we do, not what we say. I strongly believe that permissiveness without limits creates children who are unhappy, undisciplined, and impossible to live with. But discipline means â€Å"to teach.† If we’re serious about raising good kids, we need to use methods that teach kids to manage themselves. Spanking does not do that. Instead, it teaches kids to be afraid of us, which is no basis for love. It teaches them to be sneaky so they won’t be caught doing something wrong. It teaches kids that they are bad, so they are more likely to behave badly. It teaches kids to use violence when they want to solve a problem. And it keeps them from taking responsibility to improve their own behavior, because they â€Å"externalize the locus of control,† which means they only behave because an authority figure makes them, rather than behaving because they want to. I haven’t seen any research on this, but my anecdotal report is that if you talk to people in prison, you’ll find they wer e all spanked. The unfortunate thing is that spanking not only doesn’t work, it is totally unnecessary. When children are raised with age-appropriate expectations and limits accompanied by empathy, they tend to behave and cooperate. Those children don’t need much in the way of discipline at all, and they become self-disciplined adults. (Want more info on how to guide your kids without spanking?) What about Proverbs 23 (Do not withhold discipline from a child)? I’m no expert on the Bible, but here are two articles you’ll want to read. Crystal Lutton: http://crystallutton.com/you-keep-using-that-verse-i-do-not-think-it-means-what-you-think-it-means/ Arms of Love Family Fellowship: http://aolff.org/spare-the-rod/proverbs2 So next time you get so angry you want to hit someone, tell your kids you’re taking a timeout and you’ll deal with them later. Then go into the  bathroom, run the water, and calm yourself down. Use the time to get calm, not to justify your anger. When you come out, tell them you need to think hard about what they did, but right now you need to fix dinner (do the laundry, whatever.) Tell them you need them to be little angels, and you will talk when you are all calm later. Then follow through. Your discipline and teaching will be so much more effective. They’ll learn a lot better when they aren’t in the flush of flight or flight hormones. And you will be so grateful to see yourself becoming the kind of parent every child deserves. (For more on this, see For Parents: How to Handle Your Own Anger.)Elizabeth Gershoff is recognized as the leading researcher on spanking in the United States today. Here’s her most recent report: Report on Physical Punishment in the United States: What Research Tells Us About Its Effects On Children. To Spank or Not to Spank? The idea behind parental discipline is to ultimately create self-discipline within your child. That means the kid has to learn something — your value system and the difference between right and wrong — that will guide him or her throughout life. So what do kids learn from being spanked? The hitting itself doesn’t teach them anything. Whether you believe in physical punishment or not, Dr. Phil has some disciplining tips and alternatives to spanking: To Spank or Not to Spank? Read Dr. Phil’s blog and weigh in! †¢Don’t take out your frustrations while spanking. Ask yourself if the spanking is truly warranted because of the child’s behavior, or whether it’s an excuse for you to have an adult temper tantrum? Are you more prone to spank when you are in a bad mood? †¢There needs to be a sense of calmness and order in the house. If you are spanking your kid for being physical and chaotic, aren’t you adding to the  physical chaos by being physical and violent with your child? What are you teaching them? †¢Make a commitment to your child’s discipline. You have to do what you say you’re going to do. Consequences should be highly predictable for your child. †¢Define your child’s currency. What does he/she value? You can withdraw a positive (take away a favorite toy) or introduce a negative (giving a time-out) event — but be consistent. †¢Develop a child-level logic. For example, kids know that you are less likely to discipline them in public, so that’s where they’ll act out. †¢When you have a confrontation with your kid — don’t ever lose! They will miss out on the opportunity to learn an important lesson if you cave in and let them get away with a behavior that is unacceptable. †¢Two things you should NEVER say to your child if you want him/her to behave are: â€Å"I’ll give you something to cry about,† and â€Å"Wait until your father gets home.† Children can see through idle threats and will eventually ignore them. They will also take advantage of the fact that one parent doesn’t want to deal with doling out the discipline and tries to hand it over to the other parent. †¢Negotiate a disciplinary plan with your spouse in calm waters. Calm parents make calm children.

Animal Farm by George Orwel Essays

Animal Farm by George Orwel Essays Animal Farm by George Orwel Paper Animal Farm by George Orwel Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm George orwell Literature In many ways the animated film version of Animals farm has stayed faithful to the original Novel by Orwell, although there are several significant changes from the original made by the film-makers. In the novel very little descriptive detail is given to the reader about the farm at the beginning of the novel; instead Orwell describes Mr Jones and his behaviour. Evidence of this is on page 1, chapter 1, where Orwell writes, Mr. Jones, of the Manor Farm, had locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember to shut the pop-holes. Also Orwell writes on page 1 chapter 1 kicking off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in the scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs. Jones was already snoring. These descriptions tell the readers that both Mr and Mrs Jones are very neglectful towards the farm, as Mr Jones does not lock up the chickens properly leaving them in danger of being killed by foxes. And Mrs Jones does not even make any attempt to close the farm down for the night. This shows that they do not care what happens to the animals. Also, Mr Jones is an alcoholic, and is very drunk, so he is as neglectful to himself as he is towards the animals, by drinking himself to an early grave. The reason why Orwell has chosen not to describe the farm itself in any detail at this point is because the readers are able to infer an image of the farm being dilapidated and decayed around the neglect it is suffering form the owners, Mr and Mrs Jones. Where as in the film there are extensive amounts of descriptive detail about the farm. At first the audience sees a pastoral vision of an ideal pastel coloured landscape of rolling green hills, trees in blossom, and a blue sky. As the camera pans through the landscape though, it comes to Manor Farm and its dark towering buildings are distorted by lots of long shadows which are threatening as they seem to swallow the buildings in blackness. The film-makers make use of aerial shots which give a sense of the farm being very isolated from the outside world. All of which cause the audience to instantly conclude that the farm was menacing, dilapidated and clearly neglected by its owner. In the novel there are no descriptive details of Mr Jones appearance in chapter 1, but there are a few points that tell the readers that he is careless and a drunk. Evidence of this is on page 1, chapter 1, Orwell writes, he was too drunk to remember to shut the pot-holes and With the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side, he lurched across the yard. This tells the readers that Mr. Jones is very negligent towards his animals and the farm, and towards himself. The swinging lamp tells the readers that he is staggering, and has trouble keeping his balance as he walks across the yard to the farm house, where he pours himself more beer. This in turn allows the readers to infer Mr. Jones appearance of a dark, unhealthy man who cares nothing for his farm or himself. In the film, Halas and Bachelor are faithful to the Drunkard, lazy character of Mr. Jones but include a higher level of descriptive detail on his appearance. Mr Jones has white drooping eyes; dark stubble upon his face, both showing self neglect; and he wore black boots which were the first thing that the audience saw, and were very much focused upon. This is because the black boots are a symbol of Nazi soldiers, which is relevant reference as Mr. Jones is an oppressive dictator, tyrannising over the farm, just like the Nazis did in Germany and most of Europe. The view of the boots is from the view of a small animal, and is portrayed as threatening and menacing, but the camera shot at this view point also highlights him staggering, swaying back and forward which is a simile of his life. Also the image of a swaying walk is shown again later on in both novel and film, as the pigs learned to walk on their hind legs at the end when they were tyrants of the farm. There is also the image of the swinging lantern light which causes the effect of distortion, which is a metaphor of how things on the farm are not how they should be. The lantern symbolises that the farm is badly run, very chaotic and highly dysfunctional. Also as Jones staggers to the farm house, the lantern is held up to the animals, so acts as a way for the narrator to introduce the animals one by one. But it also acts as a symbolic way of highlighting the victims of Jones tyranny that has distorted the animals just like the light. Also, each animals face is illuminated and the audience sees faces of sadness because of their miserable lives, fear because of Jones hold over them and anger only from the pigs because they were unhappy with their situation of not controlling the farm, so there is already ambition of rebellion. The animals eyes are looking up at Jones with vulnerability and fear; they have a child like quality to their faces which is deliberate as the audience of the film is children, so children would empathise with the animals. In chapter one, Orwell describes Old Major as being a prize Middle White boar. This tells the readers that he is better looked after than the rest of the animals by Mr Jones and as he serves a purpose of reward. Meaning Old Major does not work, and has a better quality of life than the rest of the other animals because of his title. Also, Orwell describes Old Major as the leader of the animals in chapter one where it reads, Old Major was so highly regarded on the farm that everyone was quite ready to lose an hours sleep in order to hear what he had to say. This tells the readers that Old Major is wise and powerful amongst the animals, and unlike Mr Jones he does it through gaining respect through his qualities instead of enforcing his ideals through violence. In chapter one, Orwell describes Old Majors appearance as King like which highlights Old Majors high status upon the farm. It reads He was twelve years old and had lately grown stout, but he was still a majestic looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his tushes had never been cut. This tells the readers that Old Major is probably the oldest on the farm, as animals are usually killed for their meat after a few years of their lives. Also it tells the readers that Old major has a kind and astute exterior, which is a reflection of his personality which is compassionate and intelligent. In the film, Halas and Bachelor illustrate Old Major as being very fat with pendulous hanging flesh, implying a good life. Also Old Major is stood upon a stage in the barn above the rest of the animals reflecting his status upon the farm as he is literally above the rest of the animals. This is extended with a spot light upon him which gives him a godly, divine figure quality as the spot light is like a nimbus light or a halo. His power upon the other animals is portrayed in the film through him keeping discipline among the animals by just waving his trotter in the air. Also in the film Old Major dies on stage, unlike in the novel where he dies three days after his speech. During the speech Old Majors skin colour changes in several times, from pink, to dark pink and then finally to dark grey which is when he collapses on stage and dies. The effect that this colour change has upon the audience is it tells them that something has changed and in this instance it is Old Major being alive to being dead. In the novel Old Major uses shock tactics to frighten the animals during the speech to ensure a revolution against Mr Joness dictatorship. For example in chapter one it Old Major says, You young porkers who are sitting in front of me, every one of you will scream your lives out at the block within a year. To that horror we all must come-cows, pigs, hens, sheep, everyone. This creates an image inside the readers minds of blood, death and destruction, which causes the animals and the readers to come to a realisation of what they are faced with if they do not rebel against Jones. In the film a vision of each animals ultimate fate appears during Old Majors speech. The first is of Boxer silhouetted against a dark sky pulling an enormous, overloaded cart. The second is of hands stealing the hens eggs, and the third is a vision of hams hanging, and a chopper and block floating across a blood red sky. These visions are the animals interpretation of Old Majors Speech, the lighting in these visions is dark to emphasise the ordeal of the animals futures and so is the blood coloured sky, as it reminds the audience of the animals being murdered if they do not rebel so that the audience empathise with the animals situation. In the novel Orwell describes Napoleon in some detail. In chapter two it reads, Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his on way. This portrays him as sinister and a key character in the future for the reader to watch out for. Also, further into chapter two, when the rebellion has happened, Napoleon takes it upon himself to give double rations to the animals in celebration. It reads, Napoleon then led them back to the store-shed and served out a double ration of corn to everybody This tells the readers that a dictatorship is starting to form. He has no right to take it upon himself to decide how to celebrate and how much each animal should receive for their victory in the rebellion. Also the fact that Napoleon is not mentioned at all during the battle of the cow shed, tells the readers how much of a coward he is and he only has interests in what benefits him directly and would never in danger himself deliberately no matter the cause, including the fortification of the revolution. In chapter seven Orwell describes Napoleon as being the same as Jones. I t reads, there was a pile of corpses lying before Napoleons feet and the air was heavy with the smell of blood, which had been unknown there since the expulsion of Jones. This tells the readers that the revolution has been a disaster; Napoleon has deceived the animals letting him get away with breaking every rule of Animalism. The situation the animals are in now is just the same as it was in Jones days of dictatorship; nothing has changed. In the film the visual representation of Napoleon implies to the audience that he has something to hide and has alternative motives, by his colouring being predominately black over his face like a mask. An example of this is when Napoleon takes the puppies and trains them to kill his enemies when their parents are killed in the war of the cow shed. Also the darkness of his face and facial expressions mirror those of Mr Jones, so the visual resemblance causes the audience to see how similar the two characters are as well. The colouring of Napoleon is significant in the film as he is the only pig that has a predominately black body with small amounts of pink. The other pigs are of a uniform pink, so Napoleon is set apart from the rest at the start. In the film, Halas and Bachelor use gestures upon Napoleons face such as lip-licking and slurping to show the audience the extent of Napoleons greed. These gestures are used in the film at moments when there is a motive of getting food. An example of this is the way in which Mr Whimper is integrated into the farm by him giving Napoleon jam. Jam is definitely a love of Napoleons as he eats his way through the farms whole pantry on his own, when the animals first enter the farm house. Another facial expression that the film makers use on Napoleon is him showing his teeth. An example of this happens during Old Majors speech when a lamb bleats loudly, so to quieten the lamb he sneers viciously. By showing his teeth in such a manor he is portrayed as very aggressive, and the audience gets the impression that he will do anything to get what he wants. In the novel Orwell describes Snowball as Pre-eminent among the pigs, in chapter two. This tells the readers that he is the most excellent and greatest pig on the farm, besides Napoleon that is. This tells the readers that he is a character to watch out for later on in the novel. Also Orwell describes Snowball as being a more vivacious pig than Napoleon, quicker in speech and more inventive, but not considered to have the same depth of character. This tells the readers that he is a more spirited, a happier character than Napoleon, so he is not as fowl mooded and more energetic in what he believes. An example of this is when the battle of the cow shed happens in chapter four. It reads, Snowball launched the first attack, which tells the readers that he is control of the animals actions in the battle. Also during the battle Snowba ll attacks Mr Jones, it reads, He himself dashed straight for Jones. Jones saw him coming, raised his gun, and fired. The pellets scored bloody streaks along Snowballs back Without halting for an instant Snowball flung against Joness legs This tells the readers the bravery and selflessness that Snowball is capable of for the sake of the revolution that will change not only his life but animals across the globe if accomplished. In the film the visual representation of Snowball implies to the audience that he is different from the rest of the pigs as his colouring is of a very pale pink. He is quite fat which implies greed, but not as fat as Napoleon, which tells the audience that he is not as self indulgent or obsessed. Another key fact about Snowball is his chirpy disposition which tells the audience that he is more approachable, but in the battle scenes he is fierce, but he needs to be in such a time. The significant change that occurs in the film to the novel is that Snowball is killed by the savage dogs, where as in the novel he narrowly escapes with his life. The film makers use visual clues to hint that snowball has been killed. An example of this is the landscape that he runs in is dead as it is winter. The grounds are a snowy white and the trees that grow in the ground are black in colour and their angular branches seem to encage Snowball as he runs away from the dogs, which is a reflection of the situation he is in as he is trapped, he can not escape from the dogs. Another clue is the presence of Moses the tame raven; the raven is a symbol of death, and the gestures that Moses make are of disgust and fear as he observes the murder of Snowball. Another clue is the nod that one of the dogs gives Napoleon which is then replied with an evil smile celebrating the end of Napoleons rival Snowball. The reason why this change has been made in the film is that the film is targeted at a child audience, so it makes it easier for the child audience to know that Napoleon lies when using Snowball as an escape goat, and particularly when he kills animals unjustly with the justification of them, being in league with Snowball. In the novel Squealer is a persuasive speaker and Orwell describes him as this in chapter twp as, he could turn black to white. This tells the readers that he is able to change the minds of certain group members to agreement instead of disagreement. He could quite easily turn animals views against or for something in his favour. An example of him persuading the other animals is in chapter three, where the mysteriously missing milk had been found in the pigs mash and the apples had been ordered by the pigs to be for them and only them. This caused disagreement amongst the other animals and they had expected it to be shared equally. The pigs know they are wronging the others but they want the milk and apples, so to solve the problem Squealer is sent to persuade and deceive the other animals. It reads, Milk and apples (this has been proved by Science comrades) contain substances necessary to the well being of a pig. We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depend on us. By using claims that are falsely backed up by science Squealer persuades the other animals. And he manages to increase the importance of the pigs upon the farm by planting seeds of doubt about the capability of the other animals by saying that the pigs are of a far superior intellect. Which then grows into the pigs being the only thing between the other animals and the return of Mr Jones when he says, Do you know what would happen if we failed in our duty? Jones would come back! This is emotional blackmail, as he is threatening them with the concept of Jones return which is their biggest fear. This puts the pigs in a position to demand what they want and they will receive with no argument. This is the first major situation where the revolution could then turn against the pigs but it does not due to the fear of Jones return. Instead it goes in favour of the pigs as the hierarchy of the farm is more defined with pigs on top. In the film Squealer has pale skin which implies that he is sheepish and a follower. It tells the audience that he does not have the ruthlessness of Napoleon; he is a yes man and he is the paler version of Napoleon. An example of his cowardly behaviour is during the battle of the cow shed where he hides from danger in a barrel with his fat pink bottom sticking out, which is humorous deliberately due to the child audience, so it alleviates the scene of a very dangerous situation. There is a subtle difference of Squealers role in the film from the novel as he is portrayed as Napoleons aid and shadow all way through the film, whereas in the novel he is originally one of the elite. He was an equal to Snowball and Napoleon at the early stages the Hierarchies formation, as they needed him to help their cause. One thing that remains in both is the fact that Squealer is the propagandist spreading the word of Animalism and the party line of Napoleon. In the novel Orwell describes the dogs in chapter five as being uge dogs, and as fierce-looking as wolves. This tells the readers that the dogs are predators with menacing and wild characteristics. The dogs are a way of Napoleon ensuring his power over Animal Farm as the other animals all fear that they would face the same fate as Snowball. An example of this is in chapter five when Napoleon had banished Snowball and had taken the role of leader through the persuasive powers of Squealer and bullying tactics enforced by the fearful dogs. It reads, Tactics, comrades tactics! The animals were not certain what the word meant, but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further questions. This tells the readers that the dogs are Napoleons slaves, but the only thing keeping him in charge as the animals are so paranoid about being the next victim that they do as Napoleon says. In the film the dogs start off as being very cute, grey balls of fur that whimpered helplessly when their mother was killed in the battle of the cowshed. The fact that they are grey in colour implies to the audience that they are neutral; they are ignorant to the goings on in the farm with Mr Jones and the revolution. When they are taken away and brought up by Napoleon they are his slaves, his army that protect by any means. The film illustrators use demonic imagery for the appearance of the dogs as they have no individual features to differentiate one from the other, and only their white sharp teeth and their cool, cunning eyes upon their expressionless faces can be seen. When they are chasing Snowball over the snowy ground the dogs look like intensely black silhouettes. Also occasionally the dogs are shown with their tongue hanging out, which tells the audience of the dogs appetite and reminds the audience of their savage eating and their predatory instincts making them threatening just to look at. An example of this is when they have killed Snowball; they are seen with blood red tongues and salivary jaws, which in itself provoke an image in the audiences minds of the savage ripping and tearing of Snowballs throat. The film makers also make it apparent that the dogs are Napoleons private army by they all looking the same, as if they wear a black uniform; black being symbolic of evil, which mirrors Napoleons character. Also the way the dogs move in packs and formations of two, enforces the audiences sense of them being predators and also more like machines as they serve a purpose with no emotion. In the novel Orwell describes the hens as rebelling against the order from Napoleon of giving their eggs to Mr Whimper for money. In chapter seven it reads, they must surrender their eggs When the hens heard this, they raised a terrible outcry hey protested that to take the eggs away now was murder. For the first time since the expulsion of Jones there was something resembling a rebellion. Led by three young Black Minorca Pullets, the hens made a determined effort to thwart Napoleons wishes. This tells the reader how brave and how sick they are of being under Napoleons rule and that he had gone too far this time. They carry on the fight which they are doomed to lose with valiant attacks that have no effect. It reads, Their method was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the floor. This is a great tactic as it gets right under Napoleons skin because he will lose money and face, but the repercussions are his wrath. The hens punishment being no rations, until they lay their eggs in agreement to Napoleons orders. This is also a point of frustration for the reader as this could easily go either way if the hens had more help from the other animals. There was the drive for a rebellion as Napoleon was telling the chickens to sacrifice their children for money, which is exactly what Jones did before his expulsion. Sadly the chickens are killed by starvation and the survivors carry out the orders. The first dissentients of Napoleon are crushed, which is distressing as it shows the readers the lack of hope in this situation. In the film the hens are depicted dramatically in the raid during their strike. The only facial features that you see are their big, white, blinking eyes, as the barn is so stooped in shadow. Their presence in the barn is made apparent by the elongated shadows scurrying from hiding place to hiding place in fear of being killed by the dogs. When the hens are ambushed by the dogs, the hens flap up to the rafters and attack with a triumphant bombardment of eggs that land upon the pigs faces, making the pigs run straight out of the barn in fear. This is a literal image of the phrase, egg on their faces, which is an attempt to lighten the heavy mood of this scene. Sadly the hens cant win, with every attempt to fight with apathetic pecking of the dogs noses, many are savagely killed by the dogs biting and tearing of the hens throats. In the novel Orwell portrays Boxers character repeatedly as the gentle giant, but could also be very violent but only when threatened with his life. An example of this is in chapter one where it reads, walking very slowly and setting their vast heavy hoofs with great care lest there should be some small animal concealed in the straw. This tells the readers that he is conscious of those around him and of a very gentle nature. An example of Boxers violent side is in chapter seven where Napoleons dogs have attacked Boxer with no reason at all. It reads, Boxer saw them coming and put out his great hoof, caught a dog in mid-air, and pinned him to the ground. The dog shrieked for mercy and the other two fled with their tails between their legs. This tells the readers of Boxers immense physical strength and of character as he fights off the one thing keeping Napoleon in power. This sends a very powerful message of hope for the future to the readers, as it is another reminder that the animals have a chance to win over Napoleons regime. This is frustrating, because in the end, although they have had these chances to defeat him with force, they never take it and are left with an evil dictator and regime, so they are no better off with their current existence than their previous one with Mr Jones. Orwell portrays Boxer consistently as a very hard working and loyal character, as well as an inspiration to the other animals upon the farm. In chapter seven it reads, the other animals found more inspiration in Boxers strength and his never-failing cry of I will work harder! This tells the readers that he could easily encourage the other animals to revolution as he is the most respected on the farm deservedly. Another trait of Boxers character that Orwell makes apparent to the reader is that he is not very intelligent. In chapter seven Boxers disagreement of Snowball being a traitor is quietened by Squealer saying Our Leader, Comrade Napoleon, announced Squealer, speaking very slowly and firmly, has stated categoricallycategorically comradethat Snowball was Joness agent from the very beginningyes, and from long before the Rebellion Ah, that is different! said Boxer. If Comrade Napoleon says it, it must be right. This shows the readers how naive and gullible he is and also how he likes to see the best in a situation all the time. If only he pushed his arguments instead of take Squealers poor explanations without further questioning, and then the other animals would see the reality of Napoleons rule. Once again, a point of frustration for the reader as it could easily go to the direction of the other animals fighting and defeating Napoleon through another revolution, but never happens.

10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Good Pets

10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Good Pets Tired of the same old, same old dogs, cats and parakeets being offered for adoption by your local animal shelter? Well, dinosaurs also make wonderful pets, provided you treat them right and know what youre getting into. Here are the top 10 reasons in favor of keeping a pet dinosaur. (Not convinced? See 10 Reasons Dinosaurs Make Bad Pets.) A Pet Dinosaur Will Keep Your Home Safe... Theres nothing like a Beware the T. Rex sign out in your front yard to deter potential thieves, especially if they can glimpse your ravenous pet frosting up your bay window with its breath. Even better, you can simply underfeed your Deinonychus and tie him to a stake by your mailbox. Not only will this scare away miscreants, but youll never receive another bill again. ...and Youll Never Have to Deal with Pesky Salesmen If you live out in the burbs, youve probably seen your share of Electrolux huckstersyou know, those snappy-suited guys who barge into your home, spill a pile of dirt on your Persian carpet, and plug in their favorite appliance. You know how dogs go nuts when they see a vacuum cleaner? Well, imagine how your short-tempered Spinosaurus is likely to react. Purebred Dinosaurs Are Worth a Lot of Money True, youll have to shell out a pretty penny to buy a registered, credentialed Stegosaurus from your local dinosaur breeder. But if you manage to breed Butch with an equally impeccable female, every egg in the resulting clutch will potentially be worth thousands of dollars (assuming, of course, that your windfall isnt gobbled up by the hungry Oviraptor next door). A Pet Dinosaur Will Keep You Warm at Night Whats better than a pillow stuffed with feathers? Why, a dinosaur covered with feathers, the thicker and fluffier, the better. The trouble is, most feathered dinosaurs tend to be petite in size, so youll have to accumulate anywhere from eight to 10 Khaans to keep extra-cozy. Just pretend that youre a crazy cat lady, and keep plenty of litter nearby. Youll Earn Back Your Investment with Movie and TV Spots Hollywood casting agents are always on the lookout for the next Barney or Dino. If your pet dinosaur is cute, even-tempered and only slightly smarter than a lamppost, dont be surprised if you land a multi-episode sitcom deal. Just be sure to stay away from vehicles involving Tom Green, Pauly Shore or any ex-cast-members from Seinfeld. You Can Train Your Pet Dinosaur to Perform Various Tasks Okay, lets be realistic: theres no way youre going to teach your pet Apatosaurus to answer the phone or do your laundry. However, with intensive effort, you may be able to train your dinosaur to impersonate a piece of furniture, a la The Flintstones. (Were not talking complicated furniture, like a reclining chair; think more along the lines of a giant beanbag.) Youll Have Tons and Tons of Fertilizer Some time around late middle age, most people are inclined to take up gardeningeither in their backyards, on their windowsills or in high-tech hydroponic nurseries. Well, just imagine the beets, cucumbers, and tomatoes you can grow once you fertilize your garden with fresh Triceratops droppings. Youll have so much poop, you can even sell it to (or throw it at) the neighbors! A Pet Dinosaur Will Make You Look More Manly... Are you a gentle, tweed-wearing ectomorph who frequents smoke-free coffee houses and only drinks fair-trade coffee? Well, when youre out on the town with your pet Allosaurus, women will look at you like youre the reincarnation of Patrick Swayze. (In order to maintain this illusion, though, you should try not to let your pet dinosaur eat you or drag you along on its leash.) ...While a Smaller Breed Will Accent Your Feminine Wiles Even the frumpiest Kardashian turns positively glamorous when shes toting a poodle in her backpackso just imagine the pose youll strike with a Compsognathus stuffed in your Dooney Bourke handbag, or an Archaeopteryx perched on your shoulder. Just try to avoid wee ectomorphic PhDs being dragged by their leashed Allosauruses, lest the feathers fly. You Can Keep Your Pet Dinosaur Safely Outside One hundred million years of evolution have made dinosaurs remarkably self-sufficient, to the extent that you can keep your pet Iguanodon in the backyard almost indefinitely, provided you feed it every now and then. Dont have a backyard? Just knock on your neighbors door and introduce him to your pet Utahraptor; nature will take care of the rest.

Malaria Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Malaria - Research Paper Example The cells then invade the liver and become hypnozoites. These undergo the division and are released in the blood. The parasite infected cells burst and release further more mature protozoa in the blood which causes the chills and fever. The repeated episodes of this blood phase keep on occurring till the treatment. The parasite, therefore, acts as a carrier of the plasmodium and spread malaria (Schwartz, Parise, Kozarsky, & Cetron, 2003). It has just come to my knowledge that there was another genus of Plasmodium known as P. knowlesi. It was earlier recognized as the main cause of malaria. But the research later showed that it mostly infects the Macaques in Southeast Asia and humans to some extent. Malaria, in this case, spreads from animal to human. The animal was thought to be monkey which has been documented as a cause of human infections and deaths in the past. I also came from this fact that the malaria infected individual should not donate blood till three years. The blood bank follows the strict rules for accepting the donors who have been in the endemic area. The donor must remain symptomless for these years in order to be able to donate blood later in life. Among all the malaria species, P. vax and P. oval can for dormant liver stages that can reside inside the body for up to 3 to 4 years. The pregnant women are more susceptible to the disease by P. falciparum. P. falciparum infection may lead to the decrease baby’ weight which then reduces the chance of baby survival.... knowlesi. It was earlier recognized as the main cause of malaria. But the research later showed that it mostly infects the Macaques in Southeast Asia and humans to some extent. The malaria in this case spreads from animal to human. The animal was thought to be monkey which has been documented as a cause of human infections and deaths in the past. I also came by this fact that the malaria infected individual should not donate blood till three years. The blood bank follows the strict rules for accepting the donors who have been in the endemic area. The donor must remain symptomless for these years in order to be able to donate blood later in life. Among all the malarial species, P. vivax and P. ovale can for dormant liver stages that can reside inside the body for up to 3 to 4 years. The pregnant women are more susceptible to the disease by P. falciparum. P. falciparum infection may lead to the decrease baby’ weight which then reduces the chance of baby survival. EPIDEMIOLOGY It is an international health problem affecting 215 million people worldwide. Annually it causes about 665,000 deaths due to poor treatment regimen and atmospheric conditions. Despite the development and research on the disease, there are still many endemic areas for the occurrence of malaria. CDC has provided the data about these endemic countries, which is derived from the different sources like World Health Organization. Usually the attack is most common in the Southeast Asia, Africa and some parts of the Caribbean and Eastern Europe. Of all these cases, 65 % occur in Africa, 19% in Asia, 15% in Caribbean and to the lesser number in Europe. (Cdc.gov, 2011) It occurs in the tropical and subtropical